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Blood compatibility testing is routinely performed before a blood transfusion.The full compatibility testing process involves ABO and RhD (Rh factor) typing; screening for antibodies against other blood group systems; and crossmatching, which involves testing the recipient's blood plasma against the donor's red blood cells as a final check for incompatibility.
It takes place in normal pregnancies as well as when there are obstetric or trauma related complications to pregnancy. Normally the maternal circulation and the fetal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other, with gas and nutrient exchange taking place across a membrane in the placenta made of two layers, the syncytiotrophoblast ...
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is similar to a transfusion reaction in that the mother's antibodies cannot tolerate the fetus's antigens, which happens when the immune tolerance of pregnancy is impaired. In many instances the maternal immune system attacks the fetal blood cells, resulting in fetal anemia. HDN ranges from mild to severe.
Microchimerism is a result of pregnancy, possibility that foreign cells were of transfusion or transplantation origin was rejected due to women's health. Women testing positive for male origin microchimerism cells had reduced hazard rates of ovarian cancer than women testing negative. [52] Pregnancy at older ages can reduce risk of ovarian cancer.
Intraperitoneal transfusion—blood transfused into fetal abdomen; Intravascular transfusion—blood transfused into fetal umbilical vein—This is the method of choice since the late 1980s, and more effective than intraperitoneal transfusion. A sample of fetal blood can be taken from the umbilical vein prior to the transfusion.
Alloimmunization usually has minimal effect on the first such pregnancy; but, in a second such pregnancy, pre-existing maternal RhD IgG antibodies can cross the placenta in enough amounts to damage fetal red blood cells. This condition is called erythroblastosis fetalis and can be fatal to the fetus. [8]
Umbilical cord stripping: delayed cord clamping and the stripping of the umbilical cord towards the baby can cause the residual blood in the cord/placenta to enter fetal circulation, which can increase blood volume. [10] The recipient twin in a pregnancy undergoing twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome can have polycythemia. [14]
Newborn Screening Tests - Transfusion with donor blood during pregnancy or shortly after birth can affect the results of the Newborn Screening Tests. It is recommended to wait and retest 10–12 months after the last transfusion. In some cases, DNA testing from saliva can be used to rule out certain conditions. [citation needed]