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Schistosoma haematobium (urinary blood fluke) is a species of digenetic trematode, belonging to a group (genus) of blood flukes (Schistosoma). It is found in Africa and the Middle East. It is the major agent of schistosomiasis, the most prevalent parasitic infection in humans. [1]
Carcinogenic parasites are parasitic organisms that depend on other organisms (called hosts) for their survival, and cause cancer in such hosts.Three species of flukes are medically-proven carcinogenic parasites, namely the urinary blood fluke (Schistosoma haematobium), the Southeast Asian liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) and the Chinese liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis).
Calcification of the bladder wall caused by deposition of calcium around the Schistosoma eggs on a plain X-ray image of the pelvis, in a 44-year-old sub-Saharan man, due to urinary schistosomiasis. The worms of S. haematobium migrate to the veins around the bladder and ureters where they reproduce. [29] [33] S. haematobium can produce up to ...
Most prominent is schistosomiasis, in which the eggs of the flatworm Schistosoma haematobium can become lodged in the bladder wall, causing chronic bladder inflammation and repeated bladder infections. [55] In places with endemic schistosomiasis, up to 16% of bladder cancer cases are caused by prior Schistosoma infection. [55]
Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori-induced stomach cancer. [4] Parasitic infections strongly associated with cancer include Schistosoma haematobium (squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder) and the liver flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis (cholangiocarcinoma). [5]
Histopathology of Schistosoma haematobium eggs within the lining of the bladder. Certain bacterial infections also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma. [66] The mechanism by which H. pylori causes cancer may involve chronic inflammation or the direct action of some of the bacteria's virulence ...