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2. Certificate signing request - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request

   The CSR must be accompanied by a proof of origin (i.e., proof of identity of the applicant), which is required for security reasons by the certificate authority. The certificate authority may contact the applicant for further information. Typical information required in a CSR (sample column from sample X.509 certificate). Note that there are ...

3. X.509 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509

   These get signed by the CA and a certificate is returned. The returned certificate is the public certificate (which includes the public key but not the private key), which itself can be in a couple of formats but usually in .p7r. [12].p7r – PKCS#7 response to CSR. Contains the newly-signed certificate, and the CA's own cert.

4. XML Signature - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Signature

   KeyInfo element optionally allows the signer to provide recipients with the key that validates the signature, usually in the form of one or more X.509 digital certificates. The relying party must identify the key from context if KeyInfo is not present. The Object element (optional) contains the signed data if this is an enveloping signature.

5. Root certificate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate

   In cryptography and computer security, a root certificate is a public key certificate that identifies a root certificate authority (CA). [1] Root certificates are self-signed (and it is possible for a certificate to have multiple trust paths, say if the certificate was issued by a root that was cross-signed) and form the basis of an X.509 ...

6. Code signing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing

   [13] In the event that a certificate has to be revoked due to a compromise, a specific date and time of the compromising event will become part of the revocation record. In this case, time-stamping helps establish whether the code was signed before or after the certificate was compromised. [13]

7. Self-signed certificate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-signed_certificate

   RFC 5280 defines self-signed certificates as "self-issued certificates where the digital signature may be verified by the public key bound into the certificate" [7] whereas a self-issued certificate is a certificate "in which the issuer and subject are the same entity". While in the strict sense the RFC makes this definition only for CA ...