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2. Compatibility (mechanics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_(mechanics)

   The problem of compatibility in continuum mechanics involves the determination of allowable single-valued continuous fields on simply connected bodies. More precisely, the problem may be stated in the following manner. [5] Figure 1. Motion of a continuum body. Consider the deformation of a body shown in Figure 1.

3. Difference of two squares - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_of_two_squares

   Galileo's law of odd numbers. A ramification of the difference of consecutive squares, Galileo's law of odd numbers states that the distance covered by an object falling without resistance in uniform gravity in successive equal time intervals is linearly proportional to the odd numbers. That is, if a body falling from rest covers a certain ...

4. Comparability - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparability

   Hasse diagram of the natural numbers, partially ordered by "x≤y if x divides y".The numbers 4 and 6 are incomparable, since neither divides the other. In mathematics, two elements x and y of a set P are said to be comparable with respect to a binary relation ≤ if at least one of x ≤ y or y ≤ x is true.

5. Friendly number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_number

   The smallest friendly number is 6, forming for example, the friendly pair 6 and 28 with abundancy σ(6) / 6 = (1+2+3+6) / 6 = 2, the same as σ(28) / 28 = (1+2+4+7+14+28) / 28 = 2. The shared value 2 is an integer in this case but not in many other cases. Numbers with abundancy 2 are also known as perfect numbers. There are several unsolved ...

6. Congruence relation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_relation

   For a given congruence ~ on A, the set A / ~ of equivalence classes can be given the structure of an algebra in a natural fashion, the quotient algebra. The function that maps every element of A to its equivalence class is a homomorphism, and the kernel of this homomorphism is ~. The lattice Con(A) of all congruence relations on an algebra A is ...

7. Module (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(mathematics)

   Modules of this type are called free and if R has invariant basis number (e.g. any commutative ring or field) the number n is then the rank of the free module. If M n ( R ) is the ring of n × n matrices over a ring R , M is an M n ( R )-module, and e i is the n × n matrix with 1 in the ( i , i ) -entry (and zeros elsewhere), then e i M is an ...