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In abstract algebra, a bimodule is an abelian group that is both a left and a right module, such that the left and right multiplications are compatible.Besides appearing naturally in many parts of mathematics, bimodules play a clarifying role, in the sense that many of the relationships between left and right modules become simpler when they are expressed in terms of bimodules.
Hence when n = 1, R is an R-module, where the scalar multiplication is just ring multiplication. The case n = 0 yields the trivial R-module {0} consisting only of its identity element. Modules of this type are called free and if R has invariant basis number (e.g. any commutative ring or field) the number n is then the rank of the free module.
In mathematics, the support of a real-valued function is the subset of the function domain of elements that are not mapped to zero. If the domain of is a topological space, then the support of is instead defined as the smallest closed set containing all points not mapped to zero.
Every polynomial ring R[x 1, ..., x n] is a commutative R-algebra. In fact, this is the free commutative R-algebra on the set {x 1, ..., x n}. The free R-algebra on a set E is an algebra of "polynomials" with coefficients in R and noncommuting indeterminates taken from the set E. The tensor algebra of an R-module is naturally an associative R ...
These equations induce equivalence classes on the free algebra; the quotient algebra then has the algebraic structure of a group. Some structures do not form varieties, because either: It is necessary that 0 ≠ 1, 0 being the additive identity element and 1 being a multiplicative identity element, but this is a nonidentity;
For example, [0, 1] is the completion of (0, 1), and the real numbers are the completion of the rationals. Since complete spaces are generally easier to work with, completions are important throughout mathematics. For example, in abstract algebra, the p-adic numbers are defined as
Hasse diagram of the natural numbers, partially ordered by "x≤y if x divides y".The numbers 4 and 6 are incomparable, since neither divides the other. In mathematics, two elements x and y of a set P are said to be comparable with respect to a binary relation ≤ if at least one of x ≤ y or y ≤ x is true.
In universal algebra and lattice theory, a tolerance relation on an algebraic structure is a reflexive symmetric relation that is compatible with all operations of the structure. Thus a tolerance is like a congruence , except that the assumption of transitivity is dropped. [ 1 ]