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Phenolics are formed by three different biosynthetic pathways: (i) the shikimate/chorizmate or succinylbenzoate pathway, which produces the phenyl propanoid derivatives (C6–C3); (ii) the acetate/malonate or polyketide pathway, which produces the side-chain-elongated phenyl propanoids, including the large group of flavonoids (C6–C3–C6) and ...
The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols). [1] This class was the first to be termed bioflavonoids. The terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid have also been more loosely used to describe non-ketone polyhydroxy polyphenol compounds, which are more specifically termed ...
The term polyphenol is not well-defined, but it is generally agreed that they are natural products with "several hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings" including four principal classes: "phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans". [5] Flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and ...
The simplest is phenol, C 6 H 5 OH. Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule. Phenol – the simplest of the phenols Chemical structure of salicylic acid, the active metabolite of aspirin. Phenols are both synthesized industrially and produced by plants and ...
This large group of natural phenols can be broadly separated into two categories, flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Flavonoids include the anthocyanins and tannins which contribute to the color and mouthfeel of the wine. [1] The non-flavonoids include the stilbenoids such as resveratrol and phenolic acids such as benzoic, caffeic and cinnamic acids.
Flavonols are a class of flavonoids that have the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone (IUPAC name: 3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one). Their diversity stems from the different positions of the phenolic –OH groups.
Flavonoids can be further divided into groups based on their similar chemical structure, such as anthocyanins, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and flavanols. [5] [7] Flavanols are further classified as catechins, epicatechins, and proanthocyanidins. [5] [7] In total, between 50,000 [8] and 130,000 [9] phytochemicals have been discovered.
Flavan-3-ols (sometimes referred to as flavanols) are a subgroup of flavonoids. They are derivatives of flavans that possess a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2 H -chromen-3-ol skeleton. Flavan-3-ols are structurally diverse and include a range of compounds, such as catechin , epicatechin gallate , epigallocatechin , epigallocatechin gallate ...