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Indapamide is contraindicated in known hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, severe kidney failure, hepatic encephalopathy or severe liver failure, and a low blood potassium level. [citation needed] There is insufficient safety data to recommend indapamide use in pregnancy or breastfeeding. [citation needed]
Conditions that can lead to falsely low sodium measurements include high blood protein levels such as in multiple myeloma, high blood fat levels, and high blood sugar. [5] [6] Treatment is based on the underlying cause. [4] Correcting hyponatremia too quickly can lead to complications. [5]
Pseudohyponatremia is a false low sodium reading that can be caused by high levels of fats or proteins in the blood. [14] [3] Dilutional hyponatremia can happen in diabetics as high glucose levels pull water into the blood stream causing the sodium concentration to be lower.
Unsuppressed ADH causes a physiologically inappropriate increase in solute-free water being reabsorbed by the tubules of the kidney to the venous circulation leading to hypotonic hyponatremia (a low plasma osmolality and low sodium levels). [2] The causes of SIADH are commonly grouped into categories including: central nervous system diseases ...
EAH is categorized by having a blood serum or plasma sodium level below normal, which is less than 135 mmol/L. [1] Asymptomatic EAH is not normally detected unless the athlete has had a sodium blood serum or plasma test. [1] Hyponatremic encephalopathy may be detected using brain imaging studies and pulmonary edema may be confirmed by x-ray.
The thiazides cause a net decrease in calcium lost in urine. [7] The potassium-sparing diuretics cause a net increase in calcium lost in urine, but the increase is much smaller than the increase associated with other diuretic classes. [7] By contrast, loop diuretics promote a significant increase in calcium excretion. [8]
Extrarenal causes include bleeding, burns, and any causes of edema (e.g. congestive heart failure, liver failure). [citation needed] Intravascular volume depletion is divided into three types based on the blood sodium level: Isonatremic (normal blood sodium levels) Example: a child with diarrhea, because both water and sodium are lost in diarrhea.
Using a fixed combination of an ACE inhibitor and a chlorosulfamoyl diuretic leads to additive synergy of the antihypertensive effects of the two constituents. Its pharmacological properties are derived from those of each of the components taken separately, in addition to those due to the additive synergistic action of the two constituents, when combined, on vascular endothelium ...