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Careful note should be taken of the relationship between a hardness number and the stress-strain curve exhibited by the material. The latter, which is conventionally obtained via tensile testing , captures the full plasticity response of the material (which is in most cases a metal).
Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing . This measure of toughness is different from that used for fracture toughness , which describes the capacity of materials to resist fracture. [ 2 ]
Elasticity (physics) – Physical property when materials or objects return to original shape after deformation; Elastic modulus – Physical property that measures stiffness of material; Elastography – Set of imaging methods for determining soft-tissue hardness; Hardness – Measure of a material's resistance to localized plastic deformation
Hollomon's equation is a power law relationship between the stress and the amount of plastic strain: [10] σ = K ϵ p n {\displaystyle \sigma =K\epsilon _{p}^{n}\,\!} where σ is the stress, K is the strength index or strength coefficient, ε p is the plastic strain and n is the strain hardening exponent .
The strength of materials is determined using various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus ...
Contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of solids that touch each other at one or more points. [1] [2] A central distinction in contact mechanics is between stresses acting perpendicular to the contacting bodies' surfaces (known as normal stress) and frictional stresses acting tangentially between the surfaces (shear stress).
Coefficient of restitution: The ratio of the final to initial relative velocity between two objects after they collide. Range: 0–1, 1 for perfectly elastic collision. Compressive strength: Maximum stress a material can withstand before compressive failure (MPa) Creep: The slow and gradual deformation of an object with respect to time. If the ...
The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the stiffness of materials. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law: . Young's modulus E describes the material's strain response to uniaxial stress in the direction of this stress (like pulling on the ends of a wire or putting a weight on top of a column, with the wire getting longer and the column losing height),