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Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene .
A classic view, owing to Susumu Ohno, [1] which is known as Ohno model, he explains how duplication creates redundancy, the redundant copy accumulates beneficial mutations which provides fuel for innovation. [2] Knowledge of evolution by gene duplication has advanced more rapidly in the past 15 years due to new genomic data, more powerful ...
The 2R hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s for two reasons. First, gene mapping data in humans and mice revealed extensive paralogy regions - sets of genes on one chromosome related to sets of genes on another chromosome in the same species, indicative of duplication events in evolution. [9]
A gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally with similar biochemical functions. One such family are the genes for human hemoglobin subunits; the ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci.
In humans, chromosomes Y and 22 have the greatest proportion of SDs: 50.4% and 11.9% respectively. [2] SRGAP2 is an SD. Misalignment of LCRs during non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) [ 3 ] is an important mechanism underlying the chromosomal microdeletion disorders as well as their reciprocal duplication partners. [ 4 ]
Single gene duplication is a random process and tends to make duplicated genes scattered throughout the genome. Duplicated blocks are non-overlapping because they were created simultaneously. Segmental duplication within the genome can fulfill the first rule; but multiple independent segmental duplications could overlap each other. [18]
This gene duplication has created a copy number variation. The chromosome now has two copies of this section of DNA, rather than one. Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals. [1]
[6] [7] [8] Gene redundancy has long been appreciated as a source of novel gene origination; [8] that is, new genes may arise when selective pressure exists on the duplicate, while the original gene is maintained to perform the original function, as proposed by newer models [4]. Figure 1. Common mechanisms of gene duplication.