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In particle physics, lepton number (historically also called lepton charge) [1] is a conserved quantum number representing the difference between the number of leptons and the number of antileptons in an elementary particle reaction. [2]
Similarly, the muons and their neutrinos are assigned a muon number of +1 and the tau leptons are assigned a tau lepton number of +1. The Standard Model predicts that each of these three numbers should be conserved separately in a manner similar to the way baryon number is conserved. These numbers are collectively known as lepton family numbers ...
The name lepton comes from the Greek λεπτός leptós, "fine, small, thin" (neuter nominative/accusative singular form: λεπτόν leptón); [14] [15] the earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek 𐀩𐀡𐀵, re-po-to, written in Linear B syllabic script. [16] Lepton was first used by physicist Léon Rosenfeld in 1948: [17]
In some theories, such as the grand unified theory, the individual baryon and lepton number conservation can be violated, if the difference between them (B − L) is conserved (see Chiral anomaly). Strong interactions conserve all flavours, but all flavour quantum numbers are violated (changed, non-conserved) by electroweak interactions .
Positronium can also form a cyanide and can form bonds with halogens or lithium. [22] The first observation of di-positronium (Ps 2) molecules—molecules consisting of two positronium atoms—was reported on 12 September 2007 by David Cassidy and Allen Mills from University of California, Riverside. [23] [24] [25]
Pair production is the creation of a subatomic particle and its antiparticle from a neutral boson.Examples include creating an electron and a positron, a muon and an antimuon, or a proton and an antiproton.
A number of experiments are pursuing this path such as Mu to E Gamma, Comet, and Mu2e for + + and Mu3e for + + +. Neutrinoless tau conversion in the form τ → 3 μ {\displaystyle \tau \to 3\mu } has been searched for by the CMS experiment.
When counting electrons for each cluster, the number of valence electrons is enumerated. For each transition metal present, 10 electrons are subtracted from the total electron count. For example, in Rh 6 (CO) 16 the total number of electrons would be 6 × 9 + 16 × 2 − 6 × 10 = 86 – 60 = 26.