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Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
When the valves of perforator veins become incompetent they can cause venous reflux when the muscles contract. This has been explained by Mark Whiteley as "active venous reflux". [4] The resulting reflux can cause a rapid deterioration in an existing varicose disease and be responsible for the development of venous ulcers.
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI or CCVI) is a term invented by Italian researcher Paolo Zamboni in 2008 to describe compromised flow of blood in the veins draining the central nervous system. [1] [2] Zamboni hypothesized that it might play a role in the cause or development of multiple sclerosis (MS).
The venous valves serve to prevent regurgitation (backflow) due to the low pressure of veins, and the pull of gravity. [1] They also serve to prevent the over-widening of the vein. [20] [21] A venous valve is bicuspid (having two leaflets) and is formed by an infolding of part of the tunica intima on either side of the lumen of the veins.
Regurgitation in or near the heart is often caused by valvular insufficiency (insufficient function, with incomplete closure, of the heart valves); for example, aortic valve insufficiency causes regurgitation through that valve, called aortic regurgitation, and the terms aortic insufficiency and aortic regurgitation are so closely linked as ...
Pelvic congestion syndrome, also known as pelvic vein incompetence, is a long-term condition believed to be due to enlarged veins in the lower abdomen. [1] [7] The condition may cause chronic pain, such as a constant dull ache, which can be worsened by standing or sex. [1]
Recommendations by clinicians to reduce venous stasis and DVT/PE often encourage increasing walking, calf exercises, and intermittent pneumatic compression when possible. [5] [6] [7] Weakened Venous valves: these are crucial towards ensuring upward flow to the heart from the lower extremities.
The EVRA (Early Venous Reflux Ablation) ulcer trial, a randomised clinical trial funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) to compare early versus delayed endovenous treatment of superficial venous reflux in patients with chronic venous ulceration, opened for recruitment in October 2013. The study hopes to show an ...