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They can be used to iterate over any object that implements the NSFastEnumeration protocol, including NSArray, NSDictionary (iterates over keys), NSSet, etc. NSArray * a = [ NSArray new ]; // Any container class can be substituted for ( id obj in a ) { // Dynamic typing is used.
The name is derived from Kotlin Island, a Russian island in the Gulf of Finland, near Saint Petersburg. Andrey Breslav, Kotlin's former lead designer, mentioned that the team decided to name it after an island, in imitation of the Java programming language which shares a name with the Indonesian island of Java. [10]
This is a list of notable programming languages with features designed for object-oriented programming (OOP). The listed languages are designed with varying degrees of OOP support. Some are highly focused in OOP while others support multiple paradigms including OOP.
Efficient 6-directional height map based geometry (versus traditional Polygon soup model), hence the name Cube, FPS engine Dagor Engine: C++: 2017 Yes 3D Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Linux, macOS: List: BSD: Dark Engine: C++: 1995 No 3D Windows: Thief: The Dark Project, System Shock 2, Thief II: The Metal Age: Proprietary
In languages that support open recursion, object methods can call other methods on the same object (including themselves) using this name. This variable is late-bound ; it allows a method defined in one class to invoke another method that is defined later, in some subclass thereof.
The observer design pattern is a behavioural pattern listed among the 23 well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns that address recurring design challenges in order to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, yielding objects that are easier to implement, change, test and reuse.
Iterating over a container is done using this form of loop: for e in c while w do # loop body od; The in c clause specifies the container, which may be a list, set, sum, product, unevaluated function, array, or object implementing an iterator. A for-loop may be terminated by od, end, or end do.
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...