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1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (), R-134a, Klea 134a, Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Green Gas, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, HFA-134a, or HFC-134a) is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a lower 100-year global warming ...
They are frequently used in air conditioning and as refrigerants; R-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) is one of the most commonly used HFC refrigerants. In order to aid the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer, HFCs were adopted to replace the more potent chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were phased out from use by the Montreal Protocol ...
From early 2020 HFCs (including R-404A, R-134a and R-410A) are being superseded: Residential air-conditioning systems and heat pumps are increasingly using R-32. This still has a GWP of more than 600. Progressive devices use refrigerants with almost no climate impact, namely R-290 (propane), R-600a (isobutane) or R-1234yf (less flammable, in cars).
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The second automotive air conditioning refrigerant invented was R-134a. R-134a is a hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant that contains fluorine and hydrogen. The successor to R-12, R-134a was a new refrigerant that no longer contained chlorine that could deplete the ozone layer. R-134a is a greenhouse gas, it has a lower global warming potential than ...
Mineral oil used with R-12 is not compatible with R-134a. Some oils designed for conversion to R-134a are advertised as compatible with residual R-12 mineral oil. Illegal replacements for R-12 include highly flammable hydrocarbon blends such as HC-12a , the flammability of which has caused injuries and deaths.
Refrigerants are typically evaluated on both their global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depletion potential (ODP).The GWP scale is standardized to carbon dioxide, where the refrigerant's value is the multiple of the heat that would be absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide over a period of time. [11]
Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia engaged in a tax competition for the plant. In 2012, Pennsylvania structured a deal requiring Shell to invest at least $1 billion in Pennsylvania and create at least 2,500 construction jobs in exchange for a 25-year tax incentive of $66 million per year and tied to production, reducing Shell's tax by up to 20 per cent.