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These bacteria pose a great threat to public health due to the limited treatment options available as well as lack of newly developed antimicrobial medications. MDR strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii have become of most concern because they have been reported by hospitals all around the United ...
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria. It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order Enterobacterales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in ...
Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Cultures are found in soil, water, sewage, feces and gut environments. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. [1]
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have been defined as carbapenem-nonsusceptible and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae complex, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Klebsiella oxytoca. Some exclude ertapenem resistance from the definition. [5]
Analyses of genome sequences from Enterobacterales species identified five conserved signature indels (CSIs) for this order in the proteins peptide ABC transporter permease, elongation factor P-like protein YeiP, L-arabinose isomerase, pyrophosphatase, and a hypothetical protein, which in most cases are exclusively shared by either all or most members of this order. [1]
Antibiotic resistance mediated by MDR plasmids severely limits the treatment options for the infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, especially family Enterobacteriaceae. [5] The global spread of MDR plasmids has been enhanced by selective pressure from antimicrobial medications used in medical facilities and when raising animals for food. [6]
Infections are generally sensitive to antibiotics designed for this bacteria class, though complicated by inducible resistance mechanisms, [5] particularly lactamase; infections accordingly become quickly resistant to standard antibiotics during treatment, necessitating a change in antibiotic to avoid worsening of the sepsis.
Klebsiella bacteria tend to be rounder and thicker than other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They typically occur as straight rods with rounded or slightly pointed ends. They can be found singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Diplobacillary forms are commonly found in vivo. [6]