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Protoplasm (/ ˈ p r oʊ t ə ˌ p l æ z əm /; [1] [2] pl. protoplasms) [3] is the part of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. It is a mixture of small molecules such as ions, monosaccharides , amino acids, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc.
Protoplasts of cells from a petunia's leaf Protoplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Protoplast (from Ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos) 'first-formed'), is a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall.
The protoplasmic material of the nucleus including the nucleolus labelled as nucleoplasm.. The nucleoplasm, also known as karyoplasm, [1] is the type of protoplasm that makes up the cell nucleus, the most prominent organelle of the eukaryotic cell.
Protoplasm: Every living cell, from a bacterium to an elephant, from grasses to the blue whale, has protoplasm. Though the complexity and constituents of the protoplasm increases from lower to higher living organism, the basic compound is always the protoplasm.
Chloroplasts can be seen travelling around the central vacuole of a cell in Rhizomnium punctatum Cytoplasmic streaming in onion epidermal cell. Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the flow of the cytoplasm inside the cell, driven by forces from the cytoskeleton. [1]
Detailed diagram of lipid bilayer of cell membrane. The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a selectively permeable [citation needed] biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. In animals, the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, while in plants and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a cell wall.
In 1938, Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form—the protoplasm represents a combination of protein, salt and water—and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels. Dimitri Nasonov (1944) viewed proteins as the ...
The term was introduced by Rudolf von Kölliker in 1863, originally as a synonym for protoplasm, but later it has come to mean the cell substance and organelles outside the nucleus. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] There has been certain disagreement on the definition of cytoplasm, as some authors prefer to exclude from it some organelles, especially the vacuoles ...