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But extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. — Carl Sagan in his 1979 book Broca's Brain [ 2 ] The aphorism "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence", according to psychologist Patrizio Tressoldi, "is at the heart of the scientific method , and a model for critical thinking , rational thought and skepticism everywhere".
Scientific skepticism or rational skepticism (also spelled scepticism), sometimes referred to as skeptical inquiry, [1] is a position in which one questions the veracity of claims lacking scientific evidence. In practice, the term most commonly refers to the examination of claims and theories that appear to be unscientific, rather than the ...
The Sagan standard is the aphorism that "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence". It is named for Carl Sagan (pictured) , who used the phrase in his 1979 book Broca's Brain . The standard has been described as fundamental to the scientific method and is regarded as encapsulating the basic principles of scientific skepticism .
The book summarizes the findings of Ericsson's 30-year research into the general nature and acquisition of expertise. Intended for a lay audience, Peak is an expository book on deliberate practice , a term coined by Ericsson to refer to the specific learning method used by experts to achieve superior performance in their fields, and mental ...
Even if a study meets the benchmark requirements for and , and is free of bias, there is still a 36% probability that a paper reporting a positive result will be incorrect; if the base probability of a true result is lower, then this will push the PPV lower too. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that the average statistical power of a study ...
Extrasensory Perception is a 1934 book written by parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine, which discusses his research work at Duke University. Extrasensory perception is the ability to acquire information shielded from the senses, and the book was "of such a scope and of such promise as to revolutionize psychical research and to make its title literally a household phrase".
Such evidence is expected to be empirical evidence and interpretable in accordance with the scientific method. Standards for scientific evidence vary according to the field of inquiry, but the strength of scientific evidence is generally based on the results of statistical analysis and the strength of scientific controls. [citation needed]
Evidence-based design (EBD) was popularized by the seminal study by Ulrich (1984) that showed the impact of a window view on patient recovery. [3] Studies have since examined the relationships between design of the physical environment of hospitals with outcomes in health, the results of which show how the physical environment can lower the incidence of nosocomial infections, medical errors ...