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A study done in the United Kingdom found traces of benzoylecgonine in the country's drinking water supply, along with carbamazepine (an anticonvulsant) and ibuprofen (a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), although the study noted that the amount of each compound present was several orders of magnitude lower than the therapeutic dose ...
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval. The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents.
Other dangers of combining drugs such as "brain damage, heart problems, seizures, stomach bleeding, liver damage/ liver failure, heatstroke, coma, suppressed breathing, and respiratory failure", along with many other complications. Disorders like depression and anxiety can also stem from polydrug use. [1]
Risk factors for toxicity include alcoholism, malnutrition, and the taking of certain other hepatotoxic medications. [1] Liver damage results not from paracetamol itself, but from one of its metabolites, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). [6] NAPQI decreases the liver's glutathione and directly damages cells in the liver. [7]
Drug name Withdrawn Country Remarks Amphetamine Mix (Adderall XR) 2005 Canada Withdrawn over reports of increased risk of stroke, reinstated after increased risk not found. [1] Alatrofloxacin: 2006 Worldwide Serious hepatotoxicity leading to liver transplant or death. [2] Alclofenac: 1979 UK Vasculitis [3] Alpidem (Ananxyl) 1995 Worldwide
Hy's law is a rule of thumb that a patient is at high risk of a fatal drug-induced liver injury if given a medication that causes hepatocellular injury (not Hepatobiliary injury) with jaundice. [1] The law is based on observations by Hy Zimmerman, a major scholar of drug-induced liver injury.
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