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The Sykes–Picot Agreement (/ ˈ s aɪ k s ˈ p iː k oʊ,-p ɪ ˈ k oʊ,-p iː ˈ k oʊ / [1]) was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from Russia and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.
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In the period of 1920–1923, France and Britain signed a series of agreements, collectively known as the Paulet–Newcombe Agreement, which created the modern Jordan-Syria and Iraq–Syria borders, as an amendment to what had been designated the A zone in the Sykes–Picot Agreement.
Map 2: Zones of French and British influence and control proposed in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement during World War I. The Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 secretly divided the Ottoman Empire lands of Middle East between British and French spheres of influence. They agreed that "Palestine" was to be designated as an "international enclave". [3]
However, the Tsarist regime had a secret wartime agreement with the other members of the Triple Entente about the eventual fate of several Anatolian territories, named the Sykes–Picot Agreement. [11] These plans were made public by the Armenian revolutionaries in 1917 to gain the support of the Armenian public. [13]
English: Shows three proposals for the mandate of Palestine. The red line refers to the "International Administration proposed in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement, the dotted blue line is the 1919 Zionist Organization proposal at the Paris Peace Conference, and the blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923-48 British Mandate for Palestine
The Man Who Created the Middle East: A Story of Empire, Conflict and the Sykes-Picot Agreement. London: William Collins. Townshend, Charles (2010). When God Made Hell: British invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914–1921. Faber and Faber. Wallach, Janet (1999). Desert Queen. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 9780385495752.