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Punched tape with the word "Wikipedia" encoded in ASCII.Presence and absence of a hole represents 1 and 0, respectively; for example, W is encoded as 1010111.. Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using computers. [1]
The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence EF BB BF. The Unicode Standard allows the BOM "can serve as a signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked". [75] Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit code pages.
So newer software systems are starting to use UTF-8. The default string primitive used in newer programing languages, such as Go, [18] Julia, Rust and Swift 5, [19] assume UTF-8 encoding. PyPy also uses UTF-8 for its strings, [20] and Python is looking into storing all strings with UTF-8. [21] Microsoft now recommends the use of UTF-8 for ...
UTF-8 is also the recommendation from the WHATWG for HTML and DOM specifications, and stating "UTF-8 encoding is the most appropriate encoding for interchange of Unicode" [4] and the Internet Mail Consortium recommends that all e‑mail programs be able to display and create mail using UTF-8.
Byte pair encoding [1] [2] (also known as BPE, or digram coding) [3] is an algorithm, first described in 1994 by Philip Gage, for encoding strings of text into smaller strings by creating and using a translation table. [4] A slightly-modified version of the algorithm is used in large language model tokenizers.
UTF-8-encoded, preceded by varint-encoded integer length of string in bytes Repeated value with the same tag or, for varint-encoded integers only, values packed contiguously and prefixed by tag and total byte length — Smile \x21
Binary data and text in any other encoding are likely to contain byte sequences that are invalid as UTF-8, so existence of such invalid sequences indicates the file is not UTF-8, while lack of invalid sequences is a very strong indication the text is UTF-8. Practically the only exception is text containing only ASCII-range bytes, as this may be ...
"Length" in this context means "number of 8-bit units", so if the string is, for example, encoded using UTF-8, this may or may not be identical to the number of textual characters that are present in the string. For example, the text "hello world!" encodes as: < 31 32 3a 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21 2c > i.e. 12: hello world!,