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The theory of impetus [1] is an auxiliary or secondary theory of Aristotelian dynamics, put forth initially to explain projectile motion against gravity. It was introduced by John Philoponus in the 6th century, [2] [3] and elaborated by Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji at the end of the 12th century. [4]
John Philoponus (Greek: / f ɪ ˈ l ɒ p ə n ə s /; Ἰωάννης ὁ Φιλόπονος, Ioánnis o Philóponos; c. 490 – c. 570), also known as John the Grammarian or John of Alexandria, was a Coptic Miaphysite [1] philologist, Aristotelian commentator and Christian theologian from Alexandria, Byzantine Egypt, who authored a number of philosophical treatises and theological works.
Contrary to this idea, John proposed to explain the movement of the luminaries through an original impetus imparted onto them by God during the creation period and repudiated the notion that the luminaries were divine beings or had any form of astrological influence on the world. [9]
6th century - John Philoponus introduces the concept of impetus [3] and The theory was modified by Avicenna in the 11th century and Ibn Malka al-Baghdadi in the 12th century 6th century - John Philoponus says that by observation, two balls of very different weights will fall at nearly the same speed.
Philoponus: Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World. London: Duckworth 1987, 188pp. John Philoponus’ Criticism of Aristotle's Theory of Aether. Peripatoi 16, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter 1988, 274pp. Simplicius against Philoponus on the Eternity of the World. London: Duckworth 1991, pp. 95–135. (Co-authored with David Furley).
Jean Buridan (/ ˈ b j ʊər ɪ d ən /; [9] French:; Latin: Johannes Buridanus; c. 1301 – c. 1359/62) was an influential 14th‑century French philosopher.. Buridan taught in the faculty of arts at the University of Paris for his entire career and focused in particular on logic and on the works of Aristotle.
The history of contingency theories of leadership goes back over more than 100 years, with foundational ideas rooted in the mechanical thought of Taylorism. Later, management science began to recognize the influence of sometimes irrational human perceptions on worker performance.
The works of the early Byzantine scholar John Philoponus inspired Western scholars such as Jean Buridan to question the received wisdom of Aristotle's mechanics. Buridan developed the theory of impetus which was a step towards the modern concept of inertia. Buridan anticipated Isaac Newton when he wrote: