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The theory of impetus [1] is an auxiliary or secondary theory of Aristotelian dynamics, put forth initially to explain projectile motion against gravity. It was introduced by John Philoponus in the 6th century, [2] [3] and elaborated by Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji at the end of the 12th century. [4]
John Philoponus (Greek: / f ɪ ˈ l ɒ p ə n ə s /; Ἰωάννης ὁ Φιλόπονος, Ioánnis o Philóponos; c. 490 – c. 570), also known as John the Grammarian or John of Alexandria, was a Coptic Miaphysite [1] philologist, Aristotelian commentator and Christian theologian from Alexandria, Byzantine Egypt, who authored a number of philosophical treatises and theological works.
Contrary to this idea, John proposed to explain the movement of the luminaries through an original impetus imparted onto them by God during the creation period and repudiated the notion that the luminaries were divine beings or had any form of astrological influence on the world. [9]
6th century - John Philoponus introduces the concept of impetus [3] and The theory was modified by Avicenna in the 11th century and Ibn Malka al-Baghdadi in the 12th century 6th century - John Philoponus says that by observation, two balls of very different weights will fall at nearly the same speed.
Philoponus: Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World. London: Duckworth 1987, 188pp. John Philoponus’ Criticism of Aristotle's Theory of Aether. Peripatoi 16, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter 1988, 274pp. Simplicius against Philoponus on the Eternity of the World. London: Duckworth 1991, pp. 95–135. (Co-authored with David Furley).
The works of the early Byzantine scholar John Philoponus inspired Western scholars such as Jean Buridan to question the received wisdom of Aristotle's mechanics. Buridan developed the theory of impetus which was a step towards the modern concept of inertia. Buridan anticipated Isaac Newton when he wrote:
In its opening weekend, "John Wick: Chapter 4" pulled in a whopping $73.5 million, the strongest showing yet for the series — and the latest sign of the enduring box-office power of the aging ...
The De opificio mundi (On the Creation of the Cosmos) is a treatise on the Genesis creation narrative, composed by the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria some time between 30 and 40 AD. [1]