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The converting industry takes these continuous rolls of thin, flat materials — known as webs — threads them through processing machines (such as printing presses, laminating, coating and slitting machines) and converts or changes the web of material into an intermediate form or final product. [2]
The STG+ process eliminates multiple condensation and evaporation, and the process converts syngas to liquid transportation fuels directly without producing intermediate liquids. [7] This eliminates the need for storage of two products, including pressure storage for liquefied petroleum gas and storage of liquid methanol.
A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.
Indirect conversion broadly refers to a process in which biomass, coal, or natural gas is converted to a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide known as syngas either through gasification or steam methane reforming, and that syngas is processed into a liquid transportation fuel using one of a number of different conversion techniques depending on ...
Strenuous efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanisms of these methane-converting enzymes, which would enable their catalysis to be replicated in vitro. [11] Biodiesel can be made from CO 2 using the microbes Moorella thermoacetica and Yarrowia lipolytica. This process is known as biological gas-to-liquids. [12]
One reactor with a capacity of 500,000 tons per annum is in operation. The process has been used for C 2 and C 7 alkene production. A high-temperature process with a circulating iron catalyst ('circulating fluid bed', 'riser reactor', 'entrained catalyst process') was introduced by the Kellogg Company and a respective plant built at Sasol in 1956.
The converting process occurs in a converter. Two kinds of converters are widely used: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal converters of the Peirce-Smith type (which are an improvement of the Manhès-David converter ) prevail in the metallurgy of non-ferrous metals. Such a converter is a horizontal barrel lined with refractory material inside.
Basic oxygen steelmaking is a primary steelmaking process for converting molten pig iron into steel by blowing oxygen through a lance over the molten pig iron inside the converter. Exothermic heat is generated by the oxidation reactions during blowing. The basic oxygen steel-making process is as follows: