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Statistical tests used to compare sets of data have been designed for data sets that are either paired or unpaired, making it important to use the correct test to prevent erroneous results. Tests for paired data include McNemar's test and the paired permutation test. Tests for unpaired data include Pearson's chi-squared test and Fisher's exact ...
Others compare two or more paired or unpaired samples. Unpaired samples are also called independent samples. Paired samples are also called dependent. Finally, there are some statistical tests that perform analysis of relationship between multiple variables like regression. [1] Number of samples: The number of samples of data.
A paired difference test, better known as a paired comparison, is a type of location test that is used when comparing two sets of paired measurements to assess whether their population means differ. A paired difference test is designed for situations where there is dependence between pairs of measurements (in which case a test designed for ...
For partially paired data, the classical independent t-tests may give invalid results as the test statistic might not follow a t distribution, while the dependent t-test is sub-optimal as it discards the unpaired data. [21] Most two-sample t-tests are robust to all but large deviations from the assumptions. [22]
To exploit variance reduction with paired samples, a paired permutation test must be applied, see paired difference test. This is equivalent to performing a normal, unpaired permutation test, but restricting the set of valid permutations to only those which respect the paired nature of the data by forbidding both halves of any pair from being ...
Science Fiction Stories: 1956 A Year in the Linear City: Paul Di Filippo: 2002 All Summer in a Day: Ray Bradbury: The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction: 1954 All You Zombies: Robert A. Heinlein: The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction: 1959 Allamagoosa: Eric Frank Russell: Analog Science Fiction: 1955 And I Awoke and Found Me Here on ...
Artificial intelligence is a recurrent theme in science fiction, whether utopian, emphasising the potential benefits, or dystopian, emphasising the dangers.. The notion of machines with human-like intelligence dates back at least to Samuel Butler's 1872 novel Erewhon.
Collections of stories where the books collecting them has some common tie. This category thus encompasses stories written within a shared universe by multiple authors in multiple volumes. Or. Collections that are themselves a series in some regard, such as "best science fiction of year" collections, or "by editor".