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In nuclear physics, the Geiger–Nuttall law or Geiger–Nuttall rule relates the decay constant of a radioactive isotope with the energy of the alpha particles emitted. Roughly speaking, it states that short-lived isotopes emit more energetic alpha particles than long-lived ones.
Single-core performance was improving by 52% per year in 1986–2003 and 23% per year in 2003–2011, but slowed to just seven percent per year in 2011–2018. [ 146 ] Quality adjusted price of IT equipment – The price of information technology (IT), computers and peripheral equipment, adjusted for quality and inflation, declined 16% per year ...
More Magic Triangle image mnemonics in the style of a cheat-sheet for high-school physics – in the SVG file, hover over a symbol for its meaning and formula. This is a categorized list of physics mnemonics .
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, Hund's rules refers to a set of rules that German physicist Friedrich Hund formulated around 1925, which are used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom. The first rule is especially important in chemistry, where it is often referred to simply as Hund's ...
Selection rules for the Miller indices Bravais lattices Example compounds Allowed reflections Forbidden reflections Simple cubic Po Any h, k, ℓ: None Body-centered cubic Fe, W, Ta, Cr h + k + ℓ = even h + k + ℓ = odd Face-centered cubic (FCC) Cu, Al, Ni, NaCl, LiH, PbS h, k, ℓ all odd or all even h, k, ℓ mixed odd and even Diamond FCC ...
In mathematics, the Simon problems (or Simon's problems) are a series of fifteen questions posed in the year 2000 by Barry Simon, an American mathematical physicist. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Inspired by other collections of mathematical problems and open conjectures, such as the famous list by David Hilbert , the Simon problems concern quantum operators . [ 3 ]
The rule assumes the Russell–Saunders coupling and that interactions between spin magnetic moments can be ignored. The latter is an incorrect assumption for light atoms. As a result of this, the rule is optimally followed by atoms with medium atomic numbers. [4] The rule was first stated in 1923 by German-American physicist Alfred Landé. [1]
Specifically, an analogue of Gleason's result can be shown to hold if the algebra of observables has no direct summand that is representable as the algebra of 2×2 matrices over a commutative von Neumann algebra (i.e., no direct summand of type I 2). In essence, the only barrier to proving the theorem is the fact that Gleason's original result ...