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The range equation reduces to: = where =; here is the specific heat constant of air 287.16 J/kg K (based on aviation standards) and = / = (derived from = and = +). c p {\displaystyle c_{p}} and c v {\displaystyle c_{v}} are the specific heat capacities of air at constant pressure and constant volume respectively.
A minimum off-route altitude (MORA) provides a quick way for an aircraft pilot to read the minimum altitude required for terrain and obstacle clearance. MORAs give at least 1,000 feet altitude clearance above terrain and obstacles such as radio masts, and 2,000 feet where the terrain and obstacles exceed 5,000 feet. [1]
Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).
If a pilot is flying a 120-mile leg and finds after 30 miles that he is two miles left of track, then he has flown 4° left of his intended track, i.e. 2 × 60/30. left of track. Changing the heading four degrees right will now bring him to parallel the intended track. At that point he still has 90 miles to his next waypoint.
David W. Wragg classifies air services as medium-haul being between 1,600–4,000 km; 900–2,200 nmi; short-haul as being shorter and long-haul as being longer. [11] David Crocker defines short-haul flights as shorter than 1,000 km (540 nmi), [ 12 ] : 208 and long-haul as the opposite.
With this calculation, the horizon for a radar at a 1-mile (1.6 km) altitude is 89-mile (143 km). The radar horizon with an antenna height of 75 feet (23 m) over the ocean is 10-mile (16 km). However, since the pressure and water vapor content of the atmosphere varies with height, the path used by the radar beam is refracted by the change in ...
The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which ... = 6,371.009 kilometers = 3,958.761 statute miles = 3,440. ... is the equatorial radius of ...
An aircraft with drop tanks will have a greater radius of action than the same one without. In military aviation, the combat radius of an aircraft is often given with its mission profile (without in-air refueling). For example: The F-16 Fighting Falcon's combat radius is 550 km (340 mi) on a hi-lo-hi mission with six 450 kg (1,000 lb) bombs.