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The vertex set (of an undirected graph) and the distance function form a metric space, if and only if the graph is connected. The eccentricity ϵ(v) of a vertex v is the greatest distance between v and any other vertex; in symbols, = (,).
The formulas for the spherical orthographic projection are derived using trigonometry.They are written in terms of longitude (λ) and latitude (φ) on the sphere.Define the radius of the sphere R and the center point (and origin) of the projection (λ 0, φ 0).
Cartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin marked in red. The equation of a circle is (x − a) 2 + (y − b) 2 = r 2 where a and b are the coordinates of the center (a, b) and r is the radius.
In an isotropic chart (on a static spherically symmetric spacetime), the metric (aka line element) takes the form = + (+ (+ ())), < <, < <, < <, < < Depending on context, it may be appropriate to regard , as undetermined functions of the radial coordinate (for example, in deriving an exact static spherically symmetric solution of the Einstein field equation).
The complex number z can be represented in rectangular form as = + where i is the imaginary unit, or can alternatively be written in polar form as = ( + ) and from there, by Euler's formula, [14] as = = . where e is Euler's number, and φ, expressed in radians, is the principal value of the complex number function arg applied to x + iy ...
When calculating the length of a short north-south line at the equator, the circle that best approximates that line has a radius of (which equals the meridian's semi-latus rectum), or 6335.439 km, while the spheroid at the poles is best approximated by a sphere of radius , or 6399.594 km, a 1% difference. So long as a spherical Earth is assumed ...
View from the Swabian Jura to the Alps. Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length.. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude.
Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).