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In the first half of the 20th century, a large reading public followed the comparative histories of (German) Oswald Spengler, [2] (Russian-American) Pitirim Sorokin, [3] and (British) Arnold J. Toynbee. [4] Since the 1950s, however, comparative history has faded from the public view, and is now the domain of specialized scholars working ...
Examples of macrohistorical analysis include Oswald Spengler's assertion that the lifespan of civilizations is limited and ultimately they decay. [3] There is also Arnold J. Toynbee's historical synthesis in explaining the rise and fall of civilizations, which also included those by other historians (e.g. William H. McNeill's The Rise of the West) inspired by his works. [9]
Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler [a] (29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German polymath whose areas of interest included history, philosophy, mathematics, science, and art, as well as their relation to his organic theory of history.
Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH FBA (/ ˈ t ɔɪ n b i /; 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London.
World history or global history as a field of historical study examines history from a global perspective. It emerged centuries ago; some leading practitioners are Voltaire (1694–1778), Hegel (1770–1831), Karl Marx (1818–1883), Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), and Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975).
Toynbee was born in Syria, the son of the physician Joseph Toynbee, a pioneering otolaryngologist. One of nine children, his sister was the bacteriologist Grace Frankland, [2] and his brother was Paget Toynbee, the Dante scholar. Toynbee was the uncle, via his brother Harry Valpy Toynbee, of universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889 ...
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A Study of History is a 12-volume universal history by the British historian Arnold J. Toynbee, published from 1934 to 1961.It received enormous popular attention but according to historian Richard J. Evans, "enjoyed only a brief vogue before disappearing into the obscurity in which it has languished."