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[1] In the first half of the 20th century, a large reading public followed the comparative histories of (German) Oswald Spengler, [2] (Russian-American) Pitirim Sorokin, [3] and (British) Arnold J. Toynbee. [4] Since the 1950s, however, comparative history has faded from the public view, and is now the domain of specialized scholars working ...
Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler [a] (29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German polymath whose areas of interest included history, philosophy, mathematics, science, and art, as well as their relation to his organic theory of history.
[1] Scheidel omitted two notable studies, The Decline of the West by Spengler and Civilization on Trial by Arnold J. Toynbee. Spengler outlined three parallel phases which began in China c. 600 BC, the Mediterranean c. 450 BC and the modern world c. 1700. In all three cases, the size of armies and the scale of warfare increase.
Examples of macrohistorical analysis include Oswald Spengler's assertion that the lifespan of civilizations is limited and ultimately they decay. [3] There is also Arnold J. Toynbee's historical synthesis in explaining the rise and fall of civilizations, which also included those by other historians (e.g. William H. McNeill's The Rise of the West) inspired by his works. [9]
World history or global history as a field of historical study examines history from a global perspective. It emerged centuries ago; some leading practitioners are Voltaire (1694–1778), Hegel (1770–1831), Karl Marx (1818–1883), Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), and Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975).
A Study of History is a 12-volume universal history by the British historian Arnold J. Toynbee, published from 1934 to 1961.It received enormous popular attention but according to historian Richard J. Evans, "enjoyed only a brief vogue before disappearing into the obscurity in which it has languished."
Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH FBA (/ ˈ t ɔɪ n b i /; 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London.
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community is a book by University of Chicago historian William H. McNeill, first published in 1963 and enlarged with a retrospective preface in 1991. [1] It explores world history in terms of the effect different old world civilizations had on one another, and especially the deep influence of Western ...