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Designing shock absorber characteristics; Designing the structure of each component so that it is strong, stiff, light, and cheap; Analysing the vehicle dynamics of the resulting design; Since the 1990s the use of multibody simulation and finite element software has made this series of tasks more straightforward.
Shock absorbers damp out the (otherwise simple harmonic) motions of a vehicle up and down on its springs. They must also damp out much of the wheel bounce when the unsprung weight of a wheel, hub, axle, and sometimes brakes and the differential bounces up and down on the springiness of a tire.
Most models of the Kawasaki MULE line of utility vehicles feature a leaf-sprung de Dion rear suspension with a distinctively curved tube axle that clears the rear subframe to provide 50mm (2 inches) of wheel travel. [10] Benefits include simplicity, durability, compactness and a relatively low liftover height for the cargo bed.
Torsion bar suspensions are used on combat vehicles and tanks like the T-72, Leopard 1, Leopard 2, M26 Pershing, M18 Hellcat, M48 Patton, M60 Patton and the M1 Abrams (many tanks from World War II used this suspension), and on modern trucks and SUVs from Ford, Chrysler, GM, Mitsubishi, Mazda, Nissan, Isuzu, LuAZ, and Toyota.
(The roll axis is a line that joins the front and rear roll centers [4]). The moment is called the roll couple . Roll couple is resisted by the suspension roll stiffness, which is a function of the spring rate of the vehicle's springs and of the anti-roll bars, if any.
There are 3 product lines for both forks and shocks: Performance, Performance Elite and Factory. Performance suspension is the lower end line and often comes OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) on many cheaper bikes. They have older Dampers, technology and design.