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The curve is a graph showing the proportion of overall income or wealth assumed by the bottom x% of the people, although this is not rigorously true for a finite population (see below). It is often used to represent income distribution , where it shows for the bottom x % of households, what percentage ( y %) of the total income they have.
The Elephant Curve, also known as the Lakner-Milanovic graph or the global growth incidence curve, is a graph that illustrates the unequal distribution of income growth for individuals belonging to different income groups. [1] The original graph was published in 2013 and illustrates the change in income growth that occurred from 1988 to 2008.
Proof [2]. Since + =, =. A graph = on the -plane is thus also a graph =. From sketching a visual representation of the integrals of the area between this curve and the axes, and the area in the rectangle bounded by the lines =, =, =, =, and the fact that is always increasing for increasing and vice versa, we can see that upper bounds the area of the rectangle below the curve (with equality ...
Bernoulli's inequality can be proved for case 2, in which is a non-negative integer and , using mathematical induction in the following form: we prove the inequality for {,}, from validity for some r we deduce validity for +.
Jensen's inequality generalizes the statement that a secant line of a convex function lies above its graph. Visualizing convexity and Jensen's inequality. In mathematics, Jensen's inequality, named after the Danish mathematician Johan Jensen, relates the value of a convex function of an integral to the integral of the convex function.
Thus we can find a graph with at least e − cr(G) edges and n vertices with no crossings, and is thus a planar graph. But from Euler's formula we must then have e − cr(G) ≤ 3n, and the claim follows. (In fact we have e − cr(G) ≤ 3n − 6 for n ≥ 3). To obtain the actual crossing number inequality, we now use a probabilistic argument.
In additive combinatorics, the Plünnecke–Ruzsa inequality is an inequality that bounds the size of various sumsets of a set , given that there is another set so that + is not much larger than . A slightly weaker version of this inequality was originally proven and published by Helmut Plünnecke (1970). [ 1 ]
Two-dimensional linear inequalities are expressions in two variables of the form: + < +, where the inequalities may either be strict or not. The solution set of such an inequality can be graphically represented by a half-plane (all the points on one "side" of a fixed line) in the Euclidean plane. [2]