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Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia, is a flagellated parasitic protozoan microorganism of the genus Giardia that colonizes the small intestine, causing a diarrheal condition known as giardiasis. [1] [2] [3] The parasite attaches to the intestinal epithelium by a ventral disc (syn.
Giardiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia and G. intestinalis). [3] Infected individuals who experience symptoms (about 10% have no symptoms) may have diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. [1] Less common symptoms include vomiting and blood in the stool. [1]
About 40 species have been described, but most of them are probably synonyms. [11] Currently, five to six morphologically distinct species are recognised. [12] Giardia duodenalis (=G. intestinalis, =G. lamblia) infect humans and other mammals, G. microti infects voles, G. muris is found in other mammals, G. ardeae and G. psittaci in birds, and G. agilis in amphibians. [4]
The common intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis (synonyms Giardia lamblia, G. intestinalis) was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and sex. However, researchers found G. duodenalis to have a core set of genes that function in meiosis and that are widely present among sexual ...
Giardia lamblia: lumen of the small intestine: stool worldwide? ingestion of water containing deer or beaver feces Isosporiasis: Isospora belli: epithelial cells of small intestines: stool worldwide – less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidium: fecal oral route – ingestion of sporulated oocyst Leishmaniasis: Leishmania spp.
All metamonads are anaerobic (many being aerotolerant anaerobes), and most members of the four groups listed above are symbiotes or parasites of animals, as is the case with Giardia lamblia which causes diarrhea in mammals. [4]
It contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic protists, and includes some important parasites of humans such as Giardia and Trichomonas. [5] Excavates were formerly considered to be included in the now obsolete Protista kingdom. [6]
Giardia lamblia is most common, but Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., and other species have also been implicated. [13] [34] As a group, these agents comprise about 10% of cases in children. [24] [34] Giardia occurs more commonly in the developing world, but this type of illness can occur nearly everywhere. [36]