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In this circumstance, a ‘T’-antenna is a capacitively top-loaded, electrically short, vertical monopole. [4]: 578–579 Despite its improvements over a short vertical, the typical ‘T’-antenna is still not as efficient as a full-height 1 / 4 λ [c] vertical monopole, [5] and has a higher Q and thus a narrower bandwidth.
The allocation of the medium wave frequencies for broadcasting raised the possibility of using single vertical masts without top loading. The antenna used for broadcasting through the 1920s was the T-antenna, which consisted of two masts with loading wires on top, strung between them, requiring twice the construction costs and land area of a ...
The ends of the wires nearest the antenna base are connected to the antenna system electrical ground, and the far ends are either unconnected, or connected to metal stakes driven into the earth. Top loading radial wires. Symmetrically arranged radial wires may also be attached to the top of an antenna, running horizontally away from its apex ...
The output is then sampled at a user-defined point, the load. In a real antenna, this is normally where the wire attaches for connection to the transmitter or receiver. The result is a value that indicates the energy delivered to the load on reception, or the amount of energy absorbed by the antenna during transmission. [14]
To increase the radiation resistance, VLF transmitters use huge capacitively top-loaded antennas such as umbrella antennas and flattop antennas, in which an aerial network of horizontal wires is attached to the top of the vertical radiator to make a 'capacitor plate' to ground, to increase the current in the vertical radiator. However this can ...
The vertical plane is used to plot an antenna's relative field strength perpendicular to the ground (which directly affects a station's coverage area) on a polar graph. Normally, the maximum of 1.000 or 0 dB is at the side (unless there is beam tilt ), which is labeled 0°, to 90° at the top and −90° at the bottom.
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Height above average terrain (HAAT), or (less popularly) effective height above average terrain (EHAAT), is the vertical position of an antenna site above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television , as it is more important than effective radiated power (ERP) in determining the range of broadcasts ( VHF and ...