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The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German author and actor Alois Senefelder and was initially used mostly for musical scores and maps. [3] [4] Lithography can be used to print text or images onto paper or other suitable material. [5]
The technology around printing has become more important because the prices in the market continue to decline, so we have to make more in the same amount of time."
Membership grew to about 3,500 by 1900, and reached 5,168 in 1915. In 1930, it was further boosted when the Litho Music Printers merged into the ASLP. [1] In the 1950s and 1960s, there was a boom in lithographic printing, and although it led membership to increase to 11,000, the union worried that it would lose control of the trade.
Woodcut is a relief printing artistic technique in printmaking in which an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, with the printing parts remaining level with the surface while the non-printing parts are removed, typically with gouges. The areas to show 'white' are cut away with a knife or chisel, leaving the characters or image ...
Before final printing, the image is proof printed and any errors corrected. In the direct form of printing, the inked image is transferred under pressure onto a sheet of paper using a flat-bed press. The offset indirect method uses a rubber-covered cylinder that transfers the image from the printing surface to the paper. Colours may be ...
Planographic printing means printing from a flat surface, as opposed to a raised surface (as with relief printing) or incised surface (as with intaglio printing). Lithography and offset lithography are planographic processes that rely on the property that water will not mix with oil.
Offset printing is a common printing technique in which the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket and then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water , the offset technique employs a flat ( planographic ) image carrier.
Such arrangements largely disappeared in the printing industry (and elsewhere) following anti-Union legislation passed by Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government in the 1980s and the successful assault on the print unions (after SLADE had merged with the NGA) led by Rupert Murdoch's News International Company in 1986.