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At the critical point, defined by a critical temperature T c and a critical pressure p c, phase boundaries vanish. Other examples include the liquid–liquid critical points in mixtures, and the ferromagnet–paramagnet transition (Curie temperature) in the absence of an external magnetic field. [2]
The reduced temperature of a fluid is its actual temperature, divided by its critical temperature: [1] = where the actual temperature and critical temperature are expressed in absolute temperature scales (either Kelvin or Rankine). Both the reduced temperature and the reduced pressure are often used in thermodynamical formulas like the Peng ...
The Lydersen method is a group contribution method for the estimation of critical properties temperature (T c), pressure (P c) and volume (V c).The method is named after Aksel Lydersen who published it in 1955. [1]
Critical exponents can be evaluated via Monte Carlo methods of lattice models. The accuracy of this first principle method depends on the available computational resources, which determine the ability to go to the infinite volume limit and to reduce statistical errors. Other techniques rely on theoretical understanding of critical fluctuations.
The Lee–Kesler method [1] allows the estimation of the saturated vapor pressure at a given temperature for all components for which the critical pressure P c, the critical temperature T c, and the acentric factor ω are known.
The reduced variables are defined in terms of critical variables. The principle originated with the work of Johannes Diderik van der Waals in about 1873 [3] when he used the critical temperature and critical pressure to derive a universal property of all fluids that follow the van der Waals equation of state.
Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Critical Constants. Also agrees with Celsius values from Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds, Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements Estimated accuracy for Tc and Pc is indicated by the number of digits.
The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower consolute temperature is the critical temperature below which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. [1] [2] The word lower indicates that the LCST is a lower bound to a temperature interval of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositions only.