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Yuri Gagarin was the first human in space and the first in Earth orbit, on Vostok 1. 17 July 1962 or 19 July 1963 Either Robert M. White or Joseph A. Walker (depending on the definition of the space border) was the first to pilot a spaceplane, the North American X-15, on 17 July 1962 (White) or 19 July 1963 (Walker). 18 March 1965
The term outward space existed in a poem from 1842 by the English poet Lady Emmeline Stuart-Wortley called "The Maiden of Moscow", [13] but in astronomy the term outer space found its application for the first time in 1845 by Alexander von Humboldt. [14] The term was eventually popularized through the writings of H. G. Wells after 1901. [15]
In human spaceflight, a life-support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space. US government space agency NASA , [ 2 ] and private spaceflight companies use the phrase "environmental control and life-support system" or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems. [ 3 ]
The nature of both dark energy and dark matter is unknown. Dark matter, a mysterious form of matter that has not yet been identified, accounts for 26.8% of the cosmic contents. Dark energy, which is the energy of empty space and is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate, accounts for the remaining 68.3% of the contents. [8] [97] [98]
The space field should be used peacefully, jointly protect the space field from harm, and maximize space utilization through environmental, economic, and security exploration of space. [16] These consensuses also clarify the relationship between space sustainability and international security, that states and individuals explore space for ...
Space radiation is composed mostly of high-energy protons, helium nuclei, and high-Z high-energy ions (HZE ions). The ionization patterns in molecules , cells , tissues , and the resulting biological harm are distinct from high-energy photon radiation: X-rays and gamma rays , which produce low- linear energy transfer (low-LET) radiation from ...
Cosmic rays are an efficient heating source able to penetrate in the depths of molecular clouds. Cosmic rays transfer energy to gas through both ionization and excitation and to free electrons through Coulomb interactions. Low-energy cosmic rays (a few MeV) are more important because they are far more numerous than high-energy cosmic rays.
The magnitude of the energy of cosmic ray flux in interstellar space is very comparable to that of other deep space energies: cosmic ray energy density averages about one electron-volt per cubic centimetre of interstellar space, or ≈1 eV/cm 3, which is comparable to the energy density of visible starlight at 0.3 eV/cm 3, the galactic magnetic ...