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  2. Table (database) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(database)

    In a database, a table is a collection of related data organized in table format; consisting of columns and rows.. In relational databases, and flat file databases, a table is a set of data elements (values) using a model of vertical columns (identifiable by name) and horizontal rows, the cell being the unit where a row and column intersect. [1]

  3. Pivot table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_table

    A pivot table field list is provided to the user which lists all the column headers present in the data. For instance, if a table represents sales data of a company, it might include Date of sale, Sales person, Item sold, Color of item, Units sold, Per unit price, and Total price.

  4. Data-driven programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-driven_programming

    Less extremely, sieve has filters and actions, but in the base standard has no variables or loops, only allowing stateless filtering statements: each input element is processed independently. Variables allow state, which allow operations that depend on more than one input element, such as aggregation (summing inputs) or throttling (allow at ...

  5. Uniqueness quantification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniqueness_quantification

    In mathematics and logic, the term "uniqueness" refers to the property of being the one and only object satisfying a certain condition. [1] This sort of quantification is known as uniqueness quantification or unique existential quantification, and is often denoted with the symbols "∃!"

  6. Element distinctness problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_distinctness_problem

    Elements that occur more than / times in a multiset of size may be found by a comparison-based algorithm, the Misra–Gries heavy hitters algorithm, in time (⁡). The element distinctness problem is a special case of this problem where k = n {\displaystyle k=n} .

  7. Comma-separated values - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values

    Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record.

  8. Softmax function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmax_function

    The softmax function, also known as softargmax [1]: 184 or normalized exponential function, [2]: 198 converts a vector of K real numbers into a probability distribution of K possible outcomes. It is a generalization of the logistic function to multiple dimensions, and is used in multinomial logistic regression .

  9. Hash function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function

    A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values, though there are some hash functions that support variable-length output. [1] The values returned by a hash function are called hash values , hash codes , hash digests , digests , or simply hashes . [ 2 ]