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If a second-order differential equation has a characteristic equation with complex conjugate roots of the form r 1 = a + bi and r 2 = a − bi, then the general solution is accordingly y(x) = c 1 e (a + bi )x + c 2 e (a − bi )x. By Euler's formula, which states that e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ, this solution can be rewritten as follows:
In mathematics, the characteristic of a ring R, often denoted char(R), is defined to be the smallest positive number of copies of the ring's multiplicative identity (1) that will sum to the additive identity (0). If no such number exists, the ring is said to have characteristic zero.
In mathematics, the method of characteristics is a technique for solving partial differential equations. Typically, it applies to first-order equations , though in general characteristic curves can also be found for hyperbolic and parabolic partial differential equation .
A fundamental tool is the Nevanlinna characteristic T(r, f) which measures the rate of growth of a meromorphic function. Other main contributors in the first half of the 20th century were Lars Ahlfors , André Bloch , Henri Cartan , Edward Collingwood , Otto Frostman , Frithiof Nevanlinna , Henrik Selberg , Tatsujiro Shimizu, Oswald ...
Characteristic equation may refer to: Characteristic equation (calculus), used to solve linear differential equations; Characteristic equation, the equation obtained by equating to zero the characteristic polynomial of a matrix or of a linear mapping; Method of characteristics, a technique for solving partial differential equations
In mathematics, a characteristic class is a way of associating to each principal bundle of X a cohomology class of X. The cohomology class measures the extent to which the bundle is "twisted" and whether it possesses sections .