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Calcium citrate is a better choice for individuals taking medications for gastroesophageal reflux disease, as these medications can reduce stomach acid and impair calcium carbonate absorption. [26] Calcium lactate has similar absorption as calcium carbonate, [42] but is more expensive.
The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.
These folds stretch outward through the action of mechanoreceptors, which respond to the increase in pressure. [2] This allows the stomach to expand, therefore increasing the volume of the stomach without increasing pressure. [2] They also provide the stomach with an increased surface area for nutrient absorption during digestion. [2]
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Commonly prescribed supplements include a daily multivitamin, calcium citrate, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. [8] Because gallstones are a common complication of rapid weight loss following any type of weight loss surgery, some surgeons may remove the gall bladder as a preventative measure during the DS or the RNY.
Microvilli on the apical surface increase its surface area. This facilitates transport of numerous small molecules into the enterocyte from the intestinal lumen. These include broken down proteins, fats, and sugars, as well as water, electrolytes, vitamins, and bile salts.