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If n is a negative integer, is defined only if x has a multiplicative inverse. [39] In this case, the inverse of x is denoted x −1, and x n is defined as (). Exponentiation with integer exponents obeys the following laws, for x and y in the algebraic structure, and m and n integers:
Scientific notation is a way of expressing numbers that are too large or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form, since to do so would require writing out an inconveniently long string of digits.
Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative equal to its value. . The exponential of a variable is denoted or , with the two notations used interchangeab
Biased representations are now primarily used for the exponent of floating-point numbers. The IEEE 754 floating-point standard defines the exponent field of a single-precision (32-bit) number as an 8-bit excess-127 field. The double-precision (64-bit) exponent field is an 11-bit excess-1023 field; see exponent bias.
Visualization of powers of two from 1 to 1024 (2 0 to 2 10) as base-2 Dienes blocks. A power of two is a number of the form 2 n where n is an integer, that is, the result of exponentiation with number two as the base and integer n as the exponent.
The sequence of powers of ten can also be extended to negative powers. Similar to the positive powers, the negative power of 10 related to a short scale name can be determined based on its Latin name-prefix using the following formula: 10 −[(prefix-number + 1) × 3] Examples: billionth = 10 −[(2 + 1) × 3] = 10 −9
The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a [4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many other formulas involving the natural logarithm, leads to the term "natural".
The RSA cryptosystem is based on this theorem: it implies that the inverse of the function a ↦ a e mod n, where e is the (public) encryption exponent, is the function b ↦ b d mod n, where d, the (private) decryption exponent, is the multiplicative inverse of e modulo φ(n).