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International Space Station in 2011, as seen from STS-134. Origins of the International Space Station covers the origins of ISS. The International Space Station programme represents a combination of three national space station projects: the Russian/Soviet Mir-2, NASA's Space Station Freedom including the Japanese KibÅ laboratory, and the European Columbus space stations.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 7 February 2025. Inhabited space station in low Earth orbit (1998–present) "ISS" redirects here. For other uses, see ISS (disambiguation). International Space Station (ISS) Oblique underside view in November 2021 International Space Station programme emblem with flags of the original signatory states ...
During the first 20 years of operation of the International Space Station, there were around 3,000 scientific experiments in the areas of biology and biotech, technology development, educational activities, human research, physical science, and Earth and space science.
Pettit again launched to the International Space Station on December 21, 2011, as part of the Expedition 30/31 crew. [13] He and fellow crew members Oleg Kononenko and André Kuipers arrived at the ISS on December 23. [14] Among his off-duty video demonstrations on the space station has been on water as thin film and the Marangoni convection. [15]
The project began as Space Station Freedom, a US only effort, but was long delayed by funding and technical problems.Following the initial 1980's authorization (with an intended ten year construction period) by Ronald Reagan, the Station Freedom concept was designed and renamed in the 1990s to reduce costs and expand international involvement.
The process of assembling the International Space Station (ISS) has been under way since the 1990s. Zarya , the first ISS module, was launched by a Proton rocket on 20 November 1998. The STS-88 Space Shuttle mission followed two weeks after Zarya was launched, bringing Unity , the first of three node modules, and connecting it to Zarya .
The E.M.U Display and Control Module (DCM). The EMU, like the Apollo/Skylab A7L spacesuit, was the result of 21 years of research and development. [Note 1] It consists of a Space Suit Assembly (SSA) assembly which includes the Hard Upper Torso (HUT), arm sections, gloves, an Apollo-style "bubble" helmet, the Extravehicular Visor Assembly (EVVA), and a soft Lower Torso Assembly (LTA ...
The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, ... Assuming 20,000 man-days of use from 2000 to 2015 by two- to six-person ...