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  2. Allotropes of phosphorus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus

    It would appear that violet phosphorus is a polymer of high relative molecular mass, which on heating breaks down into P 2 molecules. On cooling, these would normally dimerize to give P 4 molecules (i.e. white phosphorus) but, in a vacuum , they link up again to form the polymeric violet allotrope.

  3. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths , bond angles , torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that determine the position of each atom.

  4. Molecular graphics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_graphics

    Molecular graphics is the discipline and philosophy of studying molecules and their properties through graphical representation. [1] IUPAC limits the definition to representations on a "graphical display device". [ 2 ]

  5. Molecular model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_model

    Molecular models may be created for several reasons – as pedagogic tools for students or those unfamiliar with atomistic structures; as objects to generate or test theories (e.g., the structure of DNA); as analogue computers (e.g., for measuring distances and angles in flexible systems); or as aesthetically pleasing objects on the boundary of ...

  6. Chemical structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure

    Phosphorus pentoxide chemical structure in 2D. A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds. Its determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid.

  7. Mathematical and theoretical biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_and...

    Modeling cell and molecular biology. This area has received a boost due to the growing importance of molecular biology. [13] Mechanics of biological tissues [31] [32] Theoretical enzymology and enzyme kinetics; Cancer modelling and simulation [33] [34] Modelling the movement of interacting cell populations [35] Mathematical modelling of scar ...

  8. VSEPR theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory

    Relativistic effects on the electron orbitals of superheavy elements is predicted to influence the molecular geometry of some compounds. For instance, the 6d 5/2 electrons in nihonium play an unexpectedly strong role in bonding, so NhF 3 should assume a T-shaped geometry, instead of a trigonal planar geometry like its lighter congener BF 3. [38]

  9. Crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography

    Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. [1] The word crystallography is derived from the Ancient Greek word κρύσταλλος (krústallos; "clear ice, rock-crystal"), and γράφειν (gráphein; "to write"). [2]