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  2. Electron hole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_hole

    When an electron leaves a helium atom, it leaves an electron hole in its place. This causes the helium atom to become positively charged. In physics, chemistry, and electronic engineering, an electron hole (often simply called a hole) is a quasiparticle denoting the lack of an electron at a position where one could exist in an atom or atomic lattice.

  3. Eddy current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current

    The magnetic field (B, green arrow) of the magnet's North pole N is directed down in the −y direction. The magnetic field exerts a Lorentz force on the electron (pink arrow) of F 1 = −e(v × B), where e is the electron's charge. Since the electron has a negative charge, from the right hand rule this is directed in the +z direction.

  4. Hall effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect

    The conventional "hole" current is in the negative direction of the electron current and the negative of the electrical charge which gives I x = ntw(−v x)(−e) where n is charge carrier density, tw is the cross-sectional area, and −e is the charge of each electron.

  5. Quantum Hall effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect

    The system considered is an electron gas that is free to move in the x and y directions, but is tightly confined in the z direction. Then, a magnetic field is applied in the z direction and according to the Landau gauge the electromagnetic vector potential is A = ( 0 , B x , 0 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} =(0,Bx,0)} and the scalar potential is ...

  6. Carrier generation and recombination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and...

    Electron and hole trapping in the Shockley-Read-Hall model. In the SRH model, four things can happen involving trap levels: [11] An electron in the conduction band can be trapped in an intragap state. An electron can be emitted into the conduction band from a trap level. A hole in the valence band can be captured by a trap.

  7. Landau levels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_levels

    However, the Fermi energy and ground state energy stay roughly the same in a system with many filled levels, since pairs of split energy levels cancel each other out when summed. Moreover, the above derivation in the Landau gauge assumed an electron confined in the z {\displaystyle z} -direction, which is a relevant experimental situation ...

  8. Shubnikov–de Haas effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubnikov–de_Haas_effect

    A negative charge (i.e. an electron) transmitted from contact 1 to contact 2 will result in a current from contact 2 to contact 1. An electron transmitted from contact 2 to contact 3 will result in a current from contact 3 to contact 2 etc. Suppose also that no electrons are transmitted along any further paths.

  9. Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors with Applications to ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons_and_Holes_in...

    First edition. Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors with Applications to Transistor Electronics is a book by Nobel Prize winner William Shockley, [1] first published in 1950. . It was a primary source, and was used as the first textbook, for scientists and engineers learning the new field of semiconductors as applied to the development of the transis