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The Samudera Pasai Sultanate (Malay: كسلطانن سامودرا ڤاساي ), also known as Samudera or Pasai or Samudera Darussalam or Pacem, was a Muslim kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 16th centuries.
The history of the Jews in Indonesia began with the arrival of early European explorers and settlers, and the first Jews arrived in the 17th century. [1] Most Indonesian Jews arrived from Southern Europe , the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, the Middle East , North Africa , India, China, and Latin America .
The presence of foreign Muslims in Indonesia does not, however, demonstrate a significant level of local conversion or the establishment of local Islamic states. [8]: 3 The most reliable evidence of the early spread of Islam in Indonesia comes from inscriptions on tombstones and a limited number of travellers’ accounts. The earliest legibly ...
A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia's Search for Stability. 2nd Edition. St Leonards, NSW : Allen & Unwin. van Zanden J. L. An Economic History of Indonesia: 1800–2010 (Routledge, 2012) Tagliacozzo, Eric, ed. Producing Indonesia: The State of the Field of Indonesian Studies (Cornell Modern Indonesia Project) (2014) Essays by 27 scholars.
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a colonial presence in the Indonesian Archipelago.Their quest to dominate the source of the spices that sustained the lucrative spice trade in the early 16th century, along with missionary efforts by Catholic orders, saw the establishment of trading posts and forts, and left behind a Portuguese cultural element that remains in modern-day ...
After the Indonesian proclamation of independence, Hizbullah fought to defend the sovereignty of the newly established Indonesia alongside the military and other laskar's, until the entire Indonesian armed forces were merged into the Indonesian National Army in 1947.
Research in 2020 stated that Indonesia is one of the top five countries with the highest levels of government restrictions. [24] In 2022, the Setara Institute on Democracy and Peace noted a total of 333 incidents involving infringment on religious freedom; [3] these were mainly against non-Sunni Muslims and were highest in East Java.
Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-29597-618-7. Kahin, George McT (1994). "The Impact of American Foreign Policy". Democracy in Indonesia: 1950s and 1990s (Editors: David Bourchier and John Legge): 63–73. Kahin, George McT. (October 1989).