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Countertrade also occurs when countries lack sufficient hard currency, or when other types of market trade are impossible.. In 2000, India and Iraq agreed on an "oil for wheat and rice" barter deal, subject to United Nations approval under Article 50 of the UN Persian Gulf War sanctions, that would facilitate 300,000 barrels of oil delivered daily to India at a price of $6.85 a barrel while ...
Bridgetown Bucks from PDX Currency Corp, Portland (Inactive) Cascadia Hour Exchange (1993) Portland [12] Columbia Community Exchange, Columbia County; Gorge Local Currency Cooperative, Hood River; Jefferson Rounds, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Klamath, Lake, Jackson, and Josephine counties; HOUR Exchange, [13] Corvallis; PDX Timebank, [14] Portland
Today, the face value of specie and base-metal coins is set by government fiat, and it is only this value which must be legally accepted as payment for debt, in the jurisdiction of the government which declares the coin to be legal tender. The value of the precious metal in the coin may give it another value, but this varies over time.
The difference between the two functions becomes obvious when one considers the fact that coins were very often 'shaved.' Precious metal was removed from them, leaving them still useful as an identifiable coin in the marketplace, for a certain number of units in trade, but which no longer had the quantity of metal supplied by the coin's minter.
The Marteau Early 18th-Century Currency Converter A Platform of Research in Economic History. Historical Currency Conversion Page by Harold Marcuse. Focuses on converting German marks to US dollars since 1871 and inflating them to values today, but has much additional information on the history of currency exchange. Gold in US Geological Survey
Traders generally negotiate through a medium of credit or exchange, such as money. Though some economists characterize barter (i.e. trading things without the use of money [1]) as an early form of trade, money was invented before written history began. Consequently, any story of how money first developed is mostly based on conjecture and ...
Other anthropologists have questioned whether barter is typically between "total" strangers, a form of barter known as "silent trade". Silent trade, also called silent barter, dumb barter ("dumb" here used in its old meaning of "mute"), or depot trade, is a method by which traders who cannot speak each other's language can trade without talking ...
The shell most widely used worldwide as currency was the shell of Cypraea moneta, the money cowry. This species is most abundant in the Indian Ocean , and was collected in the Maldive Islands , in Sri Lanka , along the Malabar coast, in Borneo and on other East Indian islands, and in various parts of the African coast from Ras Hafun to Mozambique .