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  2. California mission clash of cultures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_mission_clash...

    In 1811, the Spanish Viceroy in Mexico sent an interrogatorio (questionnaire) to all missions in Alta California regarding the customs, disposition, and condition of the Mission Indians. [5] The replies, which varied greatly in length, spirit, and even value of information, were collected and prefaced by the Father-Presidente with a short ...

  3. Spanish missions in California - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 4 February 2025. 18th to 19th-century Catholic religious outposts in California For the establishments in modern-day Mexico, see Spanish missions in Baja California. The locations of the 21 Franciscan missions in Alta California. Part of a series on Spanish missions in the Americas of the Catholic Church ...

  4. Forced labor in California - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor_in_California

    Throughout the settlement of California, the indigenous population of the state dropped from 300,000 during Spanish rule in 1769 to 250,000 in 1834. This significant population drop is widely attributed to increased contact with new diseases brought by settlers coming into California from other parts of the world.

  5. Statues topple and a Catholic church burns as California ...

    www.aol.com/news/statues-topple-catholic-church...

    Statues of the Spanish missionary Junípero Serra were recently toppled in the U.S. cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles and Sacramento as part of a national movement for racial justice sparked by ...

  6. Capital punishment in California - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in...

    On April 24, 1972, the Supreme Court of California ruled in People v. Anderson that the state's current death penalty laws were unconstitutional. Justice Marshall F. McComb was the lone dissenter, arguing that the death penalty deterred crime, noting numerous Supreme Court precedents upholding the death penalty's constitutionality, and stating that the legislative and initiative processes were ...

  7. History of slavery in California - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in...

    Over 90,000 Indigenous peoples were forced to stay at the Spanish missions in California between 1770 and 1834, being kept in well-guarded mission compounds. This has been described as de facto slavery, [1] as they were forced to work on the mission's grounds amid abuse, malnourishment, overworking, [2] and a high death rate. [3]

  8. Cost of seeking death penalty is high in California — but the ...

    www.aol.com/cost-seeking-death-penalty-high...

    California hasn’t executed a condemned prisoner in nearly 20 years, but prosecutors continue to seek the death penalty, leading to court costs of more than $300 million in the last five years ...

  9. California genocide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_genocide

    1769: Spanish colonizers established a mission system in California, which led to the forced conversion and enslavement of Native Americans. [27] [28] [29] 1821–1823: Mexico gained independence from Spain and took control of California, continuing the Spanish government's policies of forced labor and conversion of Indigenous peoples. [30] [29]