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X and Y are two whole numbers greater than 1, and Y > X. Their sum is not greater than 100. S and P are two mathematicians (and consequently perfect logicians); S knows the sum X + Y and P knows the product X × Y. Both S and P know all the information in this paragraph. In the following conversation, both participants are always telling the truth:
The product operator for the product of a sequence is denoted by the capital Greek letter pi Π (in analogy to the use of the capital Sigma Σ as summation symbol). [1] For example, the expression ∏ i = 1 6 i 2 {\displaystyle \textstyle \prod _{i=1}^{6}i^{2}} is another way of writing 1 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 25 ⋅ 36 {\displaystyle 1 ...
Every highly composite number is a product of primorials (e.g. 360 = 2 × 6 × 30). [9] Primorials are all square-free integers, and each one has more distinct prime factors than any number smaller than it. For each primorial n, the fraction φ(n) / n is smaller than for any lesser integer, where φ is the Euler totient function.
1. Means "greater than or equal to". That is, whatever A and B are, A ≥ B is equivalent to A > B or A = B. 2. Between two groups, may mean that the second one is a subgroup of the first one. 1. Means "much less than" and "much greater than".
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself. However, 4 is composite because it is a ...
Then, by strong induction, assume this is true for all numbers greater than 1 and less than n. If n is prime, there is nothing more to prove. Otherwise, there are integers a and b, where n = a b, and 1 < a ≤ b < n. By the induction hypothesis, a = p 1 p 2 ⋅⋅⋅ p j and b = q 1 q 2 ⋅⋅⋅ q k are products of primes.
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Consider the statement that "every natural number greater than 1 is a product of (one or more) prime numbers", which is the "existence" part of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. For proving the induction step, the induction hypothesis is that for a given n > 1 {\displaystyle n>1} the statement holds for all smaller n > 1 {\displaystyle n>1} .