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The tendons of both of these muscles cross as they reach their distal attachments. In other words, the flexor hallucis longus arises laterally, while the flexor digitorum longus arises medially. The amount of flexion is very considerable, but extension is limited by the plantar and collateral ligaments.
They are condyloid joints, meaning that an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) comes close to a shallow cavity (of the proximal phalanges). The region of skin directly below the joints forms the ball of the foot. The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral.
The human foot is a strong and complex mechanical structure containing 26 bones, 33 joints (20 of which are actively articulated), and more than a hundred muscles, tendons, and ligaments. [2] The joints of the foot are the ankle and subtalar joint and the interphalangeal joints of the foot.
The function of the muscle is to move the third toe medially and move the toes together. [2] The horizontal head of the adductor hallucis also originates from the lateral side of the metacarpophalangeal joint and from the deep transverse metatarsal ligament, [2] a narrow band which runs across and connects together the heads of all the ...
The plantar ligaments consist of longitudinal and oblique bands, disposed with less regularity than the dorsal ligaments. Those for the first and second metatarsals are the strongest; the second and third metatarsals are joined by oblique bands to the first cuneiform; the fourth and fifth metatarsals are connected by a few fibers to the cuboid.
The plantar fascia is the thick central portion of the fascia investing the plantar muscles. It extends between the medial process of the tuber calcanei [1] and the proximal phalanges of [citation needed] the toes. It provides some attachment to the flexor muscles of the toes. [1]
The function of the muscle is to move the fourth toe medially and move the toes together. [2] The horizontal head of the adductor hallucis also originates from the lateral side of the metacarpophalangeal joint and from the deep transverse metatarsal ligament, [2] a narrow band which runs across and connects together the heads of all the ...
The distal phalanges of the elephant do not directly touch the ground, and are attached to the respective nail/hoof. [27] Distal cushions occupy the spaces between the muscle tendon units and ligaments within the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot bones on the plantar surface. [28]