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Italian verbs have a high degree of inflection, the majority of which follows one of three common patterns of conjugation. Italian conjugation is affected by mood, person, tense, number, aspect and occasionally gender. The three classes of verbs (patterns of conjugation) are distinguished by the endings of the infinitive form of the verb:
In Italian, compound tenses expressing perfect aspect are formed with either auxiliary verb avere ('to have') "Conjugation of the verb avere". (Lingua-Italiana.IT). for transitive verbs and some intransitive verbs and with essere ('to be') "Conjugation of the verb essere" .
If the verb is one that otherwise selects auxiliary avere in compound constructions, the past participle does not agree with the subject in gender and number: Italian: Abbiamo mangiato al ristorante. Tuscan: S'è mangiato al ristorante. If the verb normally requires essere, the past participle is marked as plural: Italian: Siamo andati al cinema.
In Italian, there are two pluperfects in the indicative mood: the recent pluperfect (trapassato prossimo) and the remote pluperfect (trapassato remoto). The recent pluperfect is formed correspondingly to French by using the imperfect of the appropriate auxiliary verb (essere or avere) plus the past participle.
Italian uses avere ("have") and essere ("be") as auxiliaries, distributed in much the same way as avoir and être in French. The participle agrees with the subject when essere is used, and with a preceding pronoun direct object when avere is used. The present perfect is often used also for completed events where English would use the simple past.
Modal verbs in Italian are the only group of verbs allowed to follow this particular behavior. When they do not accompany other verbs, they all use avere ("to have") as a helping verb for forming the perfect. For example, the helping verb for the perfect of potere ("can") is avere ("have"), as in ho potuto (lit.
The present continuous tense has a very predictable conjugation pattern even for verbs that are typically irregular, such as essere ("to be") and avere ("to have"). For verbs with reduced infinitives, the gerund uses the same stem as the imperfect (which sometimes corresponds to the stem of the 1st person singular indicative present).
The only auxiliary verbs used in the active form is (h)avé (Eng. "to have", It. avere), which contrasts with Italian, in which the intransitive and reflexive verbs take èssere for their auxiliary. For example, we have: