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Genetic recombination is catalyzed by many different enzymes. Recombinases are key enzymes that catalyse the strand transfer step during recombination. RecA, the chief recombinase found in Escherichia coli, is responsible for the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs).
DNA rearrangement causes one copy of each type of gene segment to go in any given lymphocyte, generating an enormous antibody repertoire; roughly 3×10 11 combinations are possible, although some are removed due to self reactivity. Most T cell receptors are composed of a variable alpha chain and a beta chain. The T cell receptor genes are ...
A derivative chromosome (der) is a structurally rearranged chromosome generated either by a chromosome rearrangement involving two or more chromosomes or by multiple chromosome aberrations within a single chromosome (e.g. an inversion and a deletion of the same chromosome, or deletions in both arms of a single chromosome).
Genetic testing is often done as part of a genetic consultation and as of mid-2008 there were more than 1,200 clinically applicable genetic tests available. [23] Once a person decides to proceed with genetic testing, a medical geneticist, genetic counselor, primary care doctor, or specialist can order the test after obtaining informed consent.
Left unrepaired, these double-strand breaks can cause large-scale rearrangement of chromosomes in somatic cells, [20] which can in turn lead to cancer. [ 21 ] In addition to repairing DNA, homologous recombination also helps produce genetic diversity when cells divide in meiosis to become specialized gamete cells— sperm or egg cells in ...
In genetics, chromosome translocation is a phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. This includes balanced and unbalanced translocation, with two main types: reciprocal, and Robertsonian translocation.
However, genomic rearrangement is also thought to be a driving force in evolutionary development as it gives rise to novel gene combinations. [5] Recombination hotspots may arise from the interaction of the following selective forces: the benefit of driving genetic diversity through genomic rearrangement coupled with selection acting to ...
The term proofreading is used in genetics to refer to the error-correcting processes, first proposed by John Hopfield and Jacques Ninio, involved in DNA replication, immune system specificity, and enzyme-substrate recognition among many other processes that require enhanced specificity. The proofreading mechanisms of Hopfield and Ninio are non ...