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REM rebound is the lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation. When people have been prevented from experiencing REM, they take less time than usual to attain the REM state. [ 1 ]
The body abruptly loses muscle tone, a state known as REM atonia. [3] [6] In 1953, Professor Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky defined rapid eye movement and linked it to dreams. REM sleep was further described by researchers, including William Dement and Michel Jouvet. Many experiments have involved awakening test subjects ...
The cycle can be defined as lasting from the end of one REM period to the end of the next, [13] or from the beginning of REM, or from the beginning of non-REM stage 2 (the decision of how to mark the periods makes a difference for research purposes, because of the unavoidable inclusion or exclusion of the night's first NREM or its final REM ...
REM sleep is characterized by the lack of muscle activity. Physiological studies have shown that aside from the occasional twitch, a person actually becomes paralyzed during REM sleep. [ 7 ] In motor skill learning, an interval of sleep may be critical for the expression of performance gains; without sleep these gains will be delayed.
In statistics, the restricted (or residual, or reduced) maximum likelihood (REML) approach is a particular form of maximum likelihood estimation that does not base estimates on a maximum likelihood fit of all the information, but instead uses a likelihood function calculated from a transformed set of data, so that nuisance parameters have no effect.
In this case, s is called the least absolute remainder. [3] As with the quotient and remainder, k and s are uniquely determined, except in the case where d = 2n and s = ± n. For this exception, we have: a = k⋅d + n = (k + 1)d − n. A unique remainder can be obtained in this case by some convention—such as always taking the positive value ...
While slow waves and sleep spindles are present in stages 2 and 3, stage 2 sleep is characterized by a higher prevalence of spindles, while slow waves dominate the EEG during stage 3. [ 22 ] [ 21 ] Slow-wave sleep is an active phenomenon probably brought about by the activation of serotonergic neurons of the raphe system.
Current research on REM sleep found that REM sleep is critical in the processing of episodic emotional memories. [12] When the REM sleep activity in patients with unipolar or bipolar depression were measured, often an increased REM density was found. [13] The increased REM density in unipolar and bipolar depression might have two implications.